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... If these are the primary causes, the elimination of war must come through uplifting and enlightening men (p. ... Pessimists (Niebuhr, Morgenthau) have countered the theory of politics built on an optimistic definition of man but also expose the important error of exaggerating the causal importance of human nature. ...
Second Image: Internal Structure of States
The internal organization of states is the key to understanding war and peace. ... Definition of a ``good state: (a) Marx - according to the means of production, (b) Kant - according to abstract principles of right, (c) Wilson - according to national self-determination and democracy. ...
The use of internal defects to explain external acts of a state can take many forms: (i) type of government generally bad - deprivations imposed by despots upon their subjects produce tensions that find their expression in foreign adventure; (ii) defects in governments not inherently bad - restrictions placed on the state in order to protect the rights of its citizens interfere with executing foreign policy; and (iii) geographic or economic deprivations - state has not attained its ``natural frontiers, or ``deprived countries undertake war to urge the satisfied ones to make the necessary compensatory adjustments (p. ... Even though bad states may lead to war, the obverse that good states mean peace is doubtful. ...
Third Image: International Anarchy
With many sovereign states, with no system of law enforceable among them, with each state judging its grievances and ambitions according to the dictates of its own reason or desire - conflict, sometimes leading to war, is bound to occur. To achieve a favorable outcome from such a conflict, a state has to rely on its own devices, the relative efficiency of which must be its constant concern (p. ... Goodness and evil, agreement and disagreement, may or may not lead to war. War occurs because there is nothing to prevent it: there is no automatic adjustment of interests among states and there is a constant possibility that conflicts will be settled by force (p. ...
Kenneth Waltz’s work, Man, the State, and War famously outlines three levels of analysis, calling them “images” of international relations.
Approximate Word count = 1669
Approximate Pages = 6.7
(250 words per page double spaced)
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