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... This new version, previously called IP-The Next Generation (IPng), incorporates the concepts of many proposed methods for updating the IPv4 protocol. The design of IPv6 is intentionally targeted for minimal impact on upper and lower layer protocols by avoiding the random addition of new features. IPv6 Features The following are the features of the IPv6 protocol: • New header format • Large address space • Efficient and hierarchical addressing and routing infrastructure • Stateless and stateful address configuration • Built-in security • Better support for QoS • New protocol for neighboring node interaction • Extensibility The following sections discuss each of these new features in detail. New Header Format The IPv6 header has a new format that is designed to keep header overhead to a minimum. This is achieved by moving both non-essential fields and optional fields to extension headers that are placed after the IPv6 header. The streamlined IPv6 header is more efficiently processed at intermediate routers. IPv4 headers and IPv6 headers are not interoperable. IPv6 is not a superset of functionality that is backward compatible with IPv4. A host or router must use an implementation of both IPv4 and IPv6 in order to recognize and process both header formats. The new IPv6 header is only twice as large as the IPv4 header, even though IPv6 addresses are four times as large as IPv4 addresses. Large Address Space IPv6 has 128-bit (16-byte) source and destination IP addresses. Although 128 bits can express over 3.41038 possible combinations, the large address space of IPv6 has been designed to allow for multiple levels of subnetting and address allocation from the Internet backbone to the individual subnets within an organization. Even though only a small number of the possible addresses are currently allocated for use by hosts, there are plenty of addresses available for future use. With a much larger number of available addresses, address-conservation techniques, such as the deployment of NATs, are no longer necessary. Efficient and Hierarchical Addressing and Routing Infrastructure IPv6 global addresses used on the IPv6 portion of the Internet are designed to create an efficient, hierarchical, and summarizable routing infrastructure that is based on the common occurrence of multiple levels of Internet service providers. On the IPv6 Internet, backbone routers have much smaller routing tables, corresponding to the routing infrastructure of global ISPs. For more information, see “Aggregatable Global Unicast Addresses.” Stateless and Stateful Address Configuration To simplify host configuration, IPv6 supports both stateful address configuration, such as address configuration in the presence of a DHCP server, and stateless address configuration (address configuration in the absence of a DHCP server). With stateless address configuration, hosts on a link automatically configure themselves with IPv6 addresses for the link (called link-local addresses) and with addresses derived from prefixes advertised by local routers. Even in the absence of a router, hosts on the same link can automatically configure themselves with link-local addresses and communicate without manual configuration. Built-in Security Support for IPsec is an IPv6 protocol suite requirement. This requirement provides a standards-based solution for network security needs and promotes interoperability between different IPv6 implementations. Better Support for QoS New fields in the IPv6 header define how traffic is handled and identified. Traffic identification using a Flow Label field in the IPv6 header allows routers to identify and provide special handling for packets belonging to a flow, a series of packets between a source and destination. Because the traffic is identified in the IPv6 header, support for QoS can be achieved even when the packet payload is encrypted through IPsec. New Protocol for Neighboring Node Interaction The Neighbor Discovery protocol for IPv6 is a series of Internet Control Message Protocol for IPv6 (ICMPv6) messages that manage the interaction of neighboring nodes (nodes on the same link). Neighbor Discovery replaces the broadcast-based Address Resolution Protocol (ARP), ICMPv4 Router Discovery, and ICMPv4 Redirect messages with efficient multicast and unicast Neighbor Discovery messages. Extensibility IPv6 can easily be extended for new features by adding extension headers after the IPv6 header. Unlike options in the IPv4 header, which can only support 40 bytes of options, the size of IPv6 extension headers is only constrained by the size of the IPv6 packet. Differences Between IPv4 and IPv6 Table 1 highlights some of the key differences between IPv4 and IPv6. Table 1 Differences between IPv4 and IPv6 IPv4 IPv6 Source and destination addresses are 32 bits (4 bytes) in length. Source and destination addresses are 128 bits (16 bytes) in length. For more information, see “IPv6 Addressing.” IPsec support is optional. IPsec support is required. For more information, see “IPv6 Header.” No identification of packet flow for QoS handling by routers is present within the IPv4 header. Packet flow identification for QoS handling by routers is included in the IPv6 header using the Flow Label field. For more information, see “IPv6 Header.” Fragmentation is done by both routers and the sending host. Fragmentation is not done by routers, only by the sending host. For more information, see “IPv6 Header.” Header includes a checksum. Header does not include a checksum. For more information, see “IPv6 Header.” Header includes options. All optional data is moved to IPv6 extension headers. For more information, see “IPv6 Header.” Address Resolution Protocol (ARP) uses broadcast ARP Request frames to resolve an IPv4 address to a link layer address. ARP Request frames are replaced with multicast Neighbor Solicitation messages. For more information, see “Neighbor Discovery.” Internet Group Management P...