Introduction to psycholinguistics
...behavior and how language is processed in our brains. In this article the model presented is based on Levelt's (1989) 'Speaking' model, in which the first component, the conceptualizer, is partly language-specific and partly language-independent. Further it is hypothesized that there are different formulators for each language, while there is one lexicon where lexical elements from different languages are stored together. The output of the formulators is sent to the articulator which makes use of a large set of non-language specific speech motor plans. Lexical items (lemmas) are activated on the basis of their semantic features. Once they are active, their syntactic and morphological properties are available and the formulator encodes them into sentences. Once the lemmas are put in correct order (grammatical encoding), their phonological forms (lexemes) are retrieved and encoded (phonological encoding). The Levelt's model appears to provide a good explanation of aspects of language production, especially with respect to code-switching and the storage and retrieval of lexical elements. However, Levelt's model is limited to monolingual contexts only. Its three main components conceptualizer, formulator, and articulator depend on each other in a unidirectional way. If we want to turn a monolingual model into a bilingual model there are some factors that need to be taken in consideration as mentions in Poulisse (1997) study; first, bilingual speakers are usually working from an incomplete knowledge base. Second, they lack the L1 speaker's automaticity and so production tends to be more hesitant and contain more slips of the tongue. Third, the speech of L2 speakers may be mixed, either intentionally or unintentionally. Moreover, occurrence of L1 traces in L2 speech poses problems in monolingual production models. Yet Paradis (1981) suggests that this kind of model is not relevant here because in term of processing cross-linguistic influence phenomena can not be distinguished form code- switching phenomena. Paradis formulated the subset hypothesis in which he agrees that languages might be stored in identical ways in a single extended system and that the elements of each language probably form separate subsystems within the larger system. The subset hypothesis deals with links among elements from one language as well as links between elements from one language to the other. (In addition, bilinguals may stay within a subsystem when speaking or bring in elements from the other subsystem- code switching.) Note; I must confess that I investigated most of the material on the internet, and it was beautiful to learn and to read about each study and researcher from many different aspects. I think that it would be best (for next time) to let the students learn by them selves, to let them do the searching and came up with the results of each study and its conclusions. I feel that by going deeper to the matter I have learnt more deeply the topics of our main subjects. The internet is full with good information so way not use it???? . 3) Working memory, a short term buffer that allows us to remember things like phone numbers, is a distinct type of memory in the brain. Learn about current research into the role of working memory in cognition and learning. Short term memory, is the memory buffer or register that holds current and recently attended information. . It is this ability to retain information for short periods of ...