Humanism
...van Pavlov then noticed a phenomenon known as “Psychic Salivation” in 1902 where he discovered that the dog salivated before the food was given. He then followed up on the experiment and concluded in what is known as classical conditioning. Pavlov also studied factors that affected conditioning. Examples of classical conditioning can be seen in an emotional response such as fear that may be established through classical conditioning. The other type of conditioning is known as operant conditioning. This is where behaviour operates on, or manipulates, the environment such as if a child climbs a tree and falls down, and the child won’t climb again. These are voluntary responses where organisms learn to do something because of the effects or consequences of that behaviour. The pioneer of operant conditioning, B.F. Skinner studied this using his “Skinner Boxes” similar to Edwin Thorndike’s “Puzzle Boxes”. He had replaced Thordike’s “instrumental learning” with “operant conditioning” and “clas...