discovery of the mind
...s. People treated animals and inanimate objects, as if they were humans, through anthropomorphic transformations. When contrasted with Thales’ own approach to the world, it defines as reliable information about early philosophers. Thales’ concluded the explanation of the world in terms of one universal element. 3. Comment on the sense in which Thales’ statement that all things are water can be viewed as the first scientific statement about the world. “The eyes and ears are bad witnesses when people have unsophisticated minds,” was once quoted by a great philosopher by the name of Heraclitus. All this translates: that sense perception alone cannot disclose for us what the world really is. What we see, hear, touch, smell, and generally sense, is only a superficial aspect of reality, an aspect that is as subjective and limited as our senses are. And according to Thales’ the sun, the moon, and the stars, rise daily in the east out of the water that surrounds the earth, and is plunged in the west once more time. 4. Explain the significance of the concept of arche among the Milesian Rationalists and among the pluralists. The Milesian Rationalists had a view that the world consisted of water, air, or infinite or indefinite. One of these was their primordial arche, to each one of the Milesian Rationalists. On the other hand the pluralists believe that the world conceives of more than one element. Empedolces, a Sicilian philosopher, spoke of earth, water, air, and fire as the basic components of material things and of the soul as the essence of spiritual reality. 5. The concepts of physis, logos, kosmos, and arche have been viewed as the foundation of all scientific and philosophical thought after the Greeks. Explain. These concepts have been viewed as the foundation of all scientific and philosophical thoughts after the Greeks. The first concept, Kosmos, was brought about by Thales’, which means beautiful and well arranged. They thought of the world as a mere collection of unorganized things and events, which turned into Kosmos, that is into something beautiful and organized. The second term, which came about after Kosmos, was Physis, which means nature, process, repetitious cycle, expected sequence, and regular change. The idea of Physis can be gathered from the unnumerable physical and natural changes which we see everywhere, and which, through experience, we learn to expect and predict: the tides of the sea which rise twice daily, the phase of the moon and so on. The third concept Logos, means word, language, and speech. Logos stand for ideas such as mind and intelligence. Logos is the condition for understanding the Kosmos and the Physis, which make up the world. Arche has a variety of meanings. They are basic or basic material, beginning, and element. The idea of arche which we associate with the early Presocratics can be understood in terms of our idea of element, specifically, the elements of nature, such as hydrogen, helium and the rest. 6. Discuss the sense in which rationalism can be associated with the early philosophers. Rationalism means, as the idea that uniberals rational laws at large guide the universe and the human reason is the only tool to which the universe can be known. This is what a philosopher does: they think about the world, find ideas, or better yet answers about the world, and make up theories up, to explain to the rest of the world. 7. Explain in detail the sense in which we are justified in speaking of the early philosophers as ‘objective oriented’, and contrast this orientation with the subjectivism that is associated with later philosophers such as the Sophists and Socrates. When referring early philosophers as “objectively orientated,” we could find out the meaning of philosophy by examining how philosophers have done philosophy. The word philosophy means the “the love of wisdom.” The ancient biographers tell us the Pythogoras, Greek philosopher of the sixth century, to describe him as a philosopher, used this word. Sophists believe in his theme being a philosopher “we can imagine him replaying” only as a philosopher that is a man, who does not understand most things and for whom the world is always a source of wonder. Not a Sophist, but a philosopher, he concluded saying, a man moved by a philos, has a yearning for sop...