diabetes
...) or adult-onset diabetes. Type 2 diabetes may account for about 90% to 95% of all diagnosed cases of diabetes. Risk factors for type 2 diabetes include older age, obesity, family history of diabetes, prior history of gestational diabetes, impaired glucose tolerance, physical inactivity, and race/ethnicity. African Americans, Hispanic/Latino Americans, American Indians, and some Asian Americans and Pacific Islanders are at particularly high risk for type 2 diabetes. · Gestational diabetes develops in 2% to 5% of all pregnancies but disappears when a pregnancy is over. Gestational diabetes occurs more frequently in African Americans, Hispanic/Latino Americans, American Indians, and persons with a family history of diabetes. Obesity is also associated with higher risk. Women who have had gestational diabetes are at increased risk for later developing type 2 diabetes. In some studies, nearly 40% of women with a history of gestational diabetes developed diabetes in the future. · Other specific types of diabetes result from specific genetic syndromes, surgery, drugs, malnutrition, infections, and other illnesses. Such types of diabetes may account for 1% to 2% of all diagnosed cases of diabetes. Diseases that come with diabetes Heart disease · Heart disease is the leading cause of diabetes-related deaths. Adults with diabetes have heart disease death rates about 2 to 4 times as high as that of adults without diabetes. Stroke · The risk of stroke is 2 to 4 times higher in people with diabetes. High blood pressure · An estimated 60% to 65% of people with diabetes have high blood pressure. Blindness · Diabetes is the leading cause of new cases of blindness in adults 20 to 74 years old. · Diabetic retinopathy causes from 12,000 to 24,000 new cases of blindness each year. Kidney disease · Diabetes is the leading cause of end-stage renal disease, accounting for about 40% of new cases. · 27,851 people with diabetes developed end-stage renal disease in 1995. · In 1995, a total of 98,872 people with diabetes underwent dialysis or kidney transplantation. Nervous system disease · About 60% to 70% of people with diabetes have mild to severe forms of nervous system damage (which often includes impaired sensation or pain in the feet or hands, slowed digestion of food in the stomach, carpal tunnel syndrome, and other nerve problems). · Severe forms of diabetic nerve disease are a major contributing cause of lower extremity amputations. Amputations · More than half of lower limb amputations in the United States occur among people with diabetes. · From 1993 to 1995, about 67,000 amputations were performed each year among people with diabetes. Dental disease · Periodontal disease (a type of gum disease that can lead to tooth loss) occurs with greater frequency and severity among people with diabetes. Periodontal disease has been reported to occur among 30% of people aged 19 years or older with type 1 diabetes. Complications of pregnancy · The rate of major congenital malformations in babies born to women with preexisting diabetes varies from 0% to 5% among women who receive preconception care to 10% among women who do not receive preconception care. · Between 3% to 5% of pregnancies among women with diabetes result in death of the newborn; the rate for women who do not have diabetes is 1.5%. Other complications with diabetes · Diabetes can directly cause acute life-threatening events, such as diabetic ketoacidosis and hyperosmolar nonketotic coma. · People with diabetes are more susceptible to many other illnesses. For example, they are more likely to die of pneumonia or influenza than people who do not have diabetes. Cost for medical treatment for diabetes · Direct medical costs: $44 billion · Indirect costs: $54 billion New diagnostic criteria for diabetes The new diagnostic criteria for diabetes include the following changes: · The routine diagnostic test for diabetes is now a fasting plasma glucose...