crusades
...had to protect the Saint Peter. Everybody donated some thing to Cluny as a contribution to land of Saint Peter. Not long later in the eleventh century, Cluniacs linked their program to the papacy. Bit by bit, small groups of papacy was formed and the pope was helping them out. In 1046, when three papal was deposed, the pope died and Henry appointed Leo IX. He reformed a papal church instead of imperial control. Later on, Humbert of Silva Candida, whom Leo brought, argued with patriarch at Constantinople. If they (patriarch) resisted, then, Humbert excommunicated them but in return, he was excommunicated. Eventually, the Roman Catholic and Greek Orthodox churches went opposite directions. Pope Gregory VII wants leadership of the church. He wanted to get problems solved with Henry IV. They had an argument regarding the appointment of archbishop of Milan. That was never solved but years later, the pope prohibited lay investiture. That was when the pope divided emperors and kings as laymen. It led to Investiture Conflict, which was also a war. Everybody was at Gregory’s side and King Henry was being attacked from all side. It was said that one day, the King was standing outside barefooted for three days until the Pope lifted his excommunication. Unfortunetaly, this wasn’t going anywhere and war broke out. Papacy took control of everything from Germany to Italy. Gratian, who wrote, Concordance of Discordant Canons, made a principle that papal pronouncement superseded all other laws. At each and different level, from local to mundance level of administration, papal was to control them. Everywhere, the papacy took control. This in turn, led to the first crusade in 1095. Based on my reading of various descriptions of Peter the Hermit, the medieval authors described the crusade in several different ways. For example, Albert of Aix described Peter the Hermit as a successful leader and also described the crusade very clear and concise. Partly because his chronicle was based on eyewitness and other sources. He seemed lik...