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· 莎士比亞的孩童時代 · 莎士比亞的求學生涯 · 莎士比亞的年輕時代 · 莎士比亞進入成功的時候 · 莎士比亞的輝煌時代 · 莎士比亞在倫敦的時光 · 莎士比亞的退休生活 莎士比亞的孩童時代 出生洗禮 Shakespeare was the third child of eight born to John and Mary Shakespeare, but the first son, and the first child to survive past infancy. In the year of his birth, plague struck Stratford, although the Shakespeare household was spared. The parish Register for Stratford records William's birth: The entry is in Latin and reads, "Guiliamus filius Johannes Shakspere"; that is, "William son of John Shakspere." While the record indicates the date of Shakespeare's baptism, the actual date of his birth is unknown, although it is traditionally celebrated on April 23rd. Our knowledge of the custom of baptising children soon after birth makes April 23rd a likely date; however, it is also the day on which Shakespeare died in 1616, giving a pleasing, though possibly artificial, symmetry* to his life. April 23 is St. George's Day, and the association of Shakespeare's possible date of birth with the patron saint of England moves the appropriateness of his birthdate into the realm of the legendary. 出生地 Although we cannot know for certain, the house John Shakespeare owned on Henley Street is assumed to have been the family home in Stratford. The house, which still stands today, has become a popular tourist attraction, heralded as the place at which Mary Shakespeare gave birth to William and his siblings, and where Shakespeare spent his young life. 家庭成員 Children in the Renaissance were considered (as this illustration suggests) young adults. 父親：John Shakespeare Although there are no other records about the young Shakespeare during this period, there is a fair amount of information about his father, a glove-maker who also held a number of public offices over a twenty year period, ranging from Borough Ale-Taster to bailiff, the highest public office in Stratford. Stratford was a market center for the county of Warwickshire in the rural heartland of England. From about 1577, when William was 13, John Shakespeare suffered financial loss, and ceased to play a part in local government. His situation improved from 1596 until his death in 1601. 母親：Mary Shakespeare (Arden) Shakespeare's mother was born Mary Arden, the daughter of a well-to-do landowner in a lesser branch of an aristocratic family. (The family gave its name to the nearby Forest of Arden, which turns up in As You Like It.) It is typical of the period that though many references to John Shakespeare's activities survive, only the date of Mary Shakespeare's burial (9 September, 1608) was recorded. 兄弟姊妹 Joan, born 1558, died before 1569. Margaret, born 1562, died 1563 (aged 5 months). (William, born 1564, died 1616.) Gilbert, born 1566, haberdasher, died 1612. (A haberdasher sells hats, clothes, thread, ribbons etc.) Joan*, born 1569, married William Hart, died 1646. Anne, born 1571, died 1579. Richard, born 1574, occupation unknown, died 1613. Edmund,* born 1580, "player," died 1607. 莎士比亞的求學生涯 早期的求學生活 There are no records of Shakespeare's activities during his boyhood, although his father's business and legal dealings indicate that the family continued to live in Stratford. However, a conjectural account of Shakespeare's schooling can be reconstructed through our knowledge of his family and of the period. Although no enrolment registers survive, as the son of a public official, Shakespeare would have attended the King's New School at Stratford, established in 1553. The standards at the Stratford grammar school seem to have been higher than average; existing records indicate that all the masters of the school during the time Shakespeare would have been attending held university degrees. Shakespeare would most probably have begun his schooling at age four or five in the petty school attached to the grammar school proper, attending from six or seven o'clock in the morning until five or six o'clock in the evening, six days a week. There he would have learned to read and write, and would perhaps have been introduced to some elementary arithmetic. 學習過程 The first teaching device Shakespeare would have used was the hornbook, a small wooden frame with a handle, rather like a hand mirror, but with the alphabet and the Lord's Prayer on a piece of parchment protected by a thin layer of horn. In a protestant education the instruction from the Bible and Prayer book would have been in English. Although there is no clear evidence about the nature of Shakespeare's religious faith, the religious training of the Stratford community was Protestant. Under the recent Act of Uniformity, Shakespeare's religious education at school would therefore have centred upon the Homilies, the Geneva Bible, and the Book of Common Prayer, all of which were in English, and all of which stressed the teachings of the Church of England. A hornbook of Shakespeare's time. By permission of the Folger Shakespeare Library. 學習文法 After two years in petty school, Shakespeare would have advanced to the grammar school, where he would have studied what a grammar school's name implies: grammar; Latin grammar.* It must have been at this school that he learned to look beyond the mechanics of language to the beauty of literature; he would have studied Ovid*, who remained a great favourite all his life, and he would have read Plautus*, the most admired writer of Latin comedy. He would also have been introduced to rhetoric and some logic through the writings of Cicero* and Quintilian*, as well as Latin history, philosophy and perhaps some rudimentary Greek. Although boys normally attended grammar school until age fifteen or sixteen, Shakespeare may have been forced to leave school as early as 1577, at age 13, because of his father's financial difficulties. There is no record of Shakespeare attending university. 莎士比亞的年輕時期 求婚及婚姻 Shakespeare's marriage: the facts After Shakespeare's baptism, there are no public records of him until his marriage in 1582. On November 27, 1582, a marriage licence was granted to "Wm Shaxpere et [and] Anne Whateley." On November 28, 1582, a 40 pound bond was posted by two Warwickshire farmers for the legality of a marriage between "William Shagspere" and "Anne Hathwey." The next public record indicates that six months later, on May 26, 1583, Shakespeare's first daughter Susanna was christened. Shakespeare Birthplace Trust Records Office. Two women (it seems) and a child born--and surviving-- after six months? 莎士比亞的孩子們 Shakespeare and his wife lived together in Stratford long enough after the birth of Susanna to give occasion for an entry in the parish register recording the christening of twin children on February 2 1585, Hamnet* and Judith*, "sonne and daughter to William Shakspeare." Shakespeare Birthplace Trust Records Office. Susanna Shakespeare lived to the age of 66, despite suffering from scurvy; she married Dr John Hall in 1607, and had one child, Elizabeth*. Her father left her New Place in his will; the estate was entailed, but since Susanna had no more children it passed on to her daughter. Her epitaph bears witness to her strength of character, and her father's reputation: Witty above her sexe, but that's not all, Wise to salvation was good Mistris Hall. Something of Shakespeare was in that, but this Wholy of him with whom she's now in blisse. Then Passenger, hast nere a teare, To weepe with her that wept with all; That wept, yet set her self to chere Them up with comforts cordiall. Her love shall live, her mercy spread, When thou hast ner'e a teare to shed. 失蹤的那幾年 Photograph Roberta Livingstone Because nothing certain is known of Shakespeare in the years between 1585 and 1592, the period is rife with speculation. Was Shakespeare a sailor, a soldier, a law clerk or a country school teacher? Did he go to one of the larger towns nearby -- like Warwick*, pictured here -- to further one of these careers? One famous legend has Shakespeare fleeing Stratford for London after being caught poaching deer; another has him beginning his theatrical career minding horses before the playhouses. 倫敦生活─衝擊 London in the early seventeenth century, from a view by Claes Jansz Visscher. From Shakespeare's England (1917) Some time during this period Shakespeare embarked on his theatrical career.
Approximate Word count = 5311
Approximate Pages = 21.2
(250 words per page double spaced)
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