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ABSTARCT
As I have already said before, Cockpit automation is a subject that brings up plenty of controversy among users, manufactures, and regulatory agencies. ... Also cockpit automation is seen as a boon to safety, eliminating or decreasing the amount of human errors at its source and replacing fallible humans with virtually unerring machines, however, some critics view automation as a threat to safety, replacing intelligent humans with devices that are not 100% reliable, and that due to its complexity can augment the amount of workload. Adaptive automation is a branch of the automation area that just like automation creates lots of controversy among users and manufactures. Adaptive automation basically involves invoking some form of automation due to the user’s momentary increase in workload. The use of adaptive automation creates a trade-off between workload and situational awareness depending on the level of automation being used. ...
INTRODCCION
Automation has usually been used or implemented in order to reduce operational costs, to reduce workload, fatigue, and stress, to allow for more precise flight paths and maneuvers, and fuel usage, and to allow the user to perform simultaneous tasks (Hancock & Desmond 2001).
Adaptive Automation refers to dynamic systems, which adjust their methods of operations in response to changes in situational demands, such as an increase in workload, or loss of capacity due to some physical restriction such as fatigue, tiredness, etc. ... Because of this, human machine communication is critical to adaptive automation. Also AA represents an alternative design approach to the implementation of automation. ... As I already mentioned, the main argument against AA is the inherent trade-off between workload and situational awareness, which depends on the level of automation being used. It is assumed that automation should be kept at the lowest possible level to prevent the loss of situational awareness, until high workload situations arise which will affect human performance, then AA will optimize the tasks being performed by the user and the machine. ... Parasuraman,Mouloua, and Hillburn (1999) distinguished between adaptive aiding and adaptive task allocation. Adaptive aiding refers to a certain component of a task becomes simpler due to partial automation, and adaptive task allocation refers to an entire task from a larger task becomes automated. ...
Empirical evaluations of AA have focused mainly on the performance and workload effects of either adaptive aiding of the human operator, or adaptive task allocation either from the human to the machine, or from the machine to the human. ... Morris and Rouse (1986) showed that adaptive aiding in the form of target localization support enhanced operator performance in a simulated aerial search task. Benefits of adaptive aiding in a more complex simulation were reported by Hillburn et al. ... (1997) found significant benefits for controller workload, measured by physiological measures, when the Descent Advisor was provided adaptively during high traffic loads, compared to when it was available throughout static automation or at low traffic loads. With respect to adaptive task allocation from the machine to the human, Parasuraman et al. ...
Also, some benefits of adaptive task allocation from human to machine have been previously reported. ... It has been implied that adaptive task allocation from the human to the machine should not result in any costs of returning the automated task or tasks back to the user once the period of increased workload has ended. Another form of automation can be adaptive task allocation to he human from the machine. Even though it may not be obvious, many benefits have been found when this form of automation is used. ... (1993) asked the question of whether automation induced monitoring problems could be reduced or perhaps eliminated? ... We have to remember that this task allocation back to the user can no be used very frequently because excessive manual control would defeat the purpose of automation. ... Also, detection performance under automation control was really superior in the post-automated phase than in the same pre-automated phase. ... So far we have seen different form of adaptive automation, and they all provide benefit on performance-related workload, perhaps the best thing to do would be to combine them together (Hancock et al.
Approximate Word count = 3402
Approximate Pages = 13.6
(250 words per page double spaced)
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