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Personality, Applied Theories and Theorists
How do people come to be who they are? ... These are the broad questions that personality and social psychologists strive to answer. By exploring forces within the person (such as traits, attitudes, and goals) as well as forces within the situation (such as social norms and incentives), personality and social psychologists seek to unravel the mysteries of individual and social life in areas as wide-ranging as prejudice, romantic attraction, persuasion, friendship, helping, aggression, conformity, and group interaction. Although personality psychology has traditionally focused on aspects of the individual, and social psychology on aspects of the situation, the two perspectives are tightly interwoven in psychological explanations of human behaviour.
“Personality: semi-permanent internal predispositions that make people behave consistently, but in ways that differ from those of other people”
Personality and Sports Performance
Maintaining a positive personality is a major factor in sustaining sports performance. Research has traditionally been directed towards the relationship between individual performance and personality variables. ...
· Can success be predicted as a result of a performer’s personality type?
· Are the personalities of performers in various sports different or similar? ... Predicted behavioural patterns were often detected by team mates or those close to a regular performer, resulting in the conclusion that personality is a concept that has real meaning in the context of sporting inter-personal behaviour. Personality is seen as a hypothetical construct in that it cannot be directly observed but only inferred from behaviour. It is suggested that personality in the context of sport is not a thing that someone has or has not, but is how a person relates to another whilst taking part in physical activity and how they deal with the demands of the situation.
Trait Theory of Personality
Trait theorists see personality as being determined by distinctive and stable underlying traits, which reflect fundamental individual differences in genetic make-up. This concept provides a strong contrast with theorists who believe that personality is determined by either intra-psychic or environmental influences.
There are several trait theorists including: Gordon Allport, Raymond Cattell (who isolated 16 personality traits), and Eysenck who specified three traits. Each employed a psychometric approach, they developed pools of questionnaire items, with which the respondent could either agree or disagree
These theorists used a technique known as factor analysis to identify groups of items which were strongly inter-correlated (these groups of items are known as factors), and argued that these factors provided operational definitions of personality traits. ... An individuals personality is defined by combinations of the traits.
“A trait is a recognised fundamental quality or aspect of personality”.
Gordon Allport 1897 - 1967
Gordon Allport made a career out of attempts to describe personality. ... He identified thousands of personality traits and grouped these into three categories:
Cardinal Traits
A cardinal trait would be one trait that dominates personality across time and situations. If you had a cardinal trait, it would be the most important component of your personality e. ... Everyone has central traits and they are the building blocks of personality. Most personality theories focus on describing or explaining central traits. ... These are of less importance to personality theorists. ...
Raymond Cattell (1905) Personality model
Cattell is primarily responsible for the development of a consistent and meaningful trait theory. ... In his model, he proposed that there are 16 traits that are universal in the realm of personality. He collected many relevant terms in his search of universal personality traits, and through advanced statistical methods of his time, he narrowed them down to 16 (1965). A personality test, the 16 PF (Personality Factors), which was based on this work, and are still in use today. A list of bipolar factors, listed below, where matched against the personality traits of individuals and different personality factor clusters developed to give a whole personality description. ...
Cattell’s 16 Point Personality Traits
Factor Low Score Description 1 2 3 4 5 A 6 7 8 9 10 High Score Description
A Reserved Detached Outgoing, Warm hearted
B Less Intelligent More Intelligent
C Affected by Feelings Emotionally Stable, Calm
E Humble, Mild Assertive, Aggressive
F Sober, Prudent, Serious Impulsively Lively
G Expedient,Disregards Rules Persevering, Moralistic
H Shy Restrained Socially Bold,Uninhibited
I Tough Minded, Self Reliant Sensitive, Over protected
L Trusting, Adaptable Suspicious, Hard to fool
M Careful, Conventional Imaginative
N Natural, Artless Shrewd, Worldly
O Self Assured, Confident Apprehensive, Worrying
Q1 Tolerant of Tradition (Tory) Experimenting, Liberal
Q2 Group Dependant Self Sufficient
Q3 Undisciplined self-conflict Disciplined, Precise
Q4 Relaxed, Tranquil Tense, Frustrated
Cattell is often criticised for having produced an overly simplistic model. ...
Hans Eysenck (1916) Two Factor Model
Eysenck, whose theory is more elaborate than Cattells, proposed that only three factors were necessary to explain individual differences in personality. ... As with the Cattell 16PF model a list of bipolar factors, where matched against the personality traits of individuals and different personality factor clusters developed to give a whole personality description. ...
Strict Behavioural View
Your personality consists of the behaviours you show. ... This view allows for personality change (through learning) and showing different behaviours in different situations
Social-Cognitive Theory (Albert Bandura)
Bandura (1986) advanced a view of human functioning that accords a central role to cognitive, vicarious, self-regulatory, and self-reflective processes in human adaptation and change. ... Sheldon associated each of the three somatotyes with personality type”. ... The confidence portrayed by an athlete should be shown in his/her personality at all times”.
Holland’s Theory of Personality: Holland believed in a three layered personality core.
1 The psychological core: The key to personality, made up of the basic attributes which remain constant and stable, they influence response. ...
Player Profiling
Player and performance profiling has proved successful in assessing cognitive behavioural patterns. Performance profiling can be used for three major purposes:
1 To analyse and identify any weaknesses within personality makeup and apply appropriate psychological intervention. ...
3 To monitor any changes in performance during the intervention.
Performance profiling techniques can result in significant improvements in the performers ability to cope with pressure situations. Profiling can also help to explain the relationship between individual differences, behaviour, performance and aggression responses. ...
To identify and create a profile of a performer, I have carried out various research, I concluded that Cattell’s 16 point model will result in the most conclusive personality assessment, due to the quantity and validity of information received through personal observation and evaluation. ... He appears more reserved than he is outgoing, his personality is not as boisterous and loud as that of certain team mates. ...
This subjects attitude and personality is derived from quiet concentration, he is primarily an individual who is articulate within his field. ...
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
C Affected by Feelings x Emotionally Stable,
Stability breeds consistency, without emotional stability performance can vary. All athletes are affected by individual aspects of life such as bereavement, this can attribute to poor performance.
From performance observation it would indicate that the subjects emotional state is healthy. ... Game situations require impulse response but are in context with personality. ... Performance suggests a sober and serious attitude applied by Owen helps relate the positives of a negative situation. ... It is clear that Michael Owen is a successful member of a team, his relative quietness in comparison to others would indicate an introverted personality. The suggestion of a shy and restrained personality is not in keeping with that of most elite athletes. ...
Quality of performance is key for any athlete. ... In performance this confidence is shown by the ability to withstand criticism and condemnation from the media. ... A positive attitude and belief in performance ability is essential. ...
Summary
The personality traits above are in common with those of most elite footballers. ...
The subject suggests and extroverted personality, extroverts tent to take part in group activities as they are stimulated by other individuals. ... The need to achieve is a form of arousal necessary to stimulate this extroverted personality.
To identify and create a profile of a performer I have carried out various research, I concluded that Cattell’s 16 point model will result in the most conclusive personality assessment, due to the quantity and validity of information received through personal observation and evaluation.
Approximate Word count = 6675
Approximate Pages = 26.7
(250 words per page double spaced)
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