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Density=Mass/volume Percent error=(/accepted value-experimental value/*100%)/accepted, Atomic mass-weighted average=(%mass abundance*mass#)----Frequency*wavelength=wave speed(v*y=c) ---Mega-M-1000,000, Kilo-k-1000, deci-d-0.1, centi-c-0.01, milli-m-0.001, micro-m-0.000 001--nanon-.000 000 00, pico-p-.000 000 000 001 ---Democritus-first idea of atom, matter is composed of tiny invisible particles--Dalton-daltons atomic theory, Thomas-discovered electron with cathode ray, Ruthford-shot alpha particles said that nucleus has p+ and N0-bohr said electrons were rapidly circling the nucleus--Atomic number-number of protons, mass number- sum of protons and neutrons, atomic mass weighted average --Alpha-2+_4/2, Beta-0/-1e Gamma-0/0---Mandeleev-put pt in order by atomic mass, Moseley-put pt in order by atomic number---Aufbau principle-electrons are added to the lowest energy level, Hunds rule-electrons wont pair up unless they need to, pauli’s extension principle-orbital can hold 2 electrons C2H3O2-=acetate OH-=hydroxide NO3-----=nitrate CO32-=carbonate SO42--=sulfate PO43-=phosphate NH4+=ammonium Zn(+2) Ag(+1) Pb>RM Sn>RM BI,TI,BM,BA,TA Hypothesis-proposed data Natural law- description of a phenomenon that has been released repeatedly Theory-logical and time tested explanation of a phenomenon Qualitative observation has properties without numbers—Quantitative has properties with numbers Chemical properties-characteristics that cant be obsereved without changing the substance physical properties- can be observed without changing the substance Reactants are substance that enter or starting materials, products- are substance formed or ending materials precision is closeness to other measurements Dimensional analysis-technique for converting between units by using the numerical relationships between units – conversion factors used to change the measurement from one to another centi-1./100 deci-1/10 milli-1/1000 kilo=1000 pico=1/(1/10^12) micro=1/(1/10^6) Nucear stability is the ablity of an atom to avoid undergoing radioactive decay transmutation reactions are nuclear reactions that charge the number of protons in nucleus Representative elements are on the stairs and group 2+4, halogens are on group 7, transition are on d block, inner transition are on f block quantum numbers N=Energy level L=orbital 0-s 1-p 2-d 3-f m= specific orbital s=spin light and atomic spectrum- pattern of light emitted when electrons undergo quantum and return to ground state Electromagnetic spectrum is the array of colors in the visible spectrum radio waves—infrared----ROYGBIV—ultraviolet—x rays—gamma rays visible light spectrum is ROYGBIV dispersion forces- weak attractions between atoms or molecules caused by moving electrons---- Dipole interactions are between a partial negative and a partial positive polar molecule--- hydrogen bonding is attraction between a hydrogen atom in a polar bond and a nearby electronegative atom