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MODULE 1: PHYSICAL AND MOTOR DEVELOPMENT
Activity 1-1
· Physical development is the sequence that sees the development necessary to take a human from infancy to adulthood. ... It also encompasses the development of full reproductive ability at adolescence brought about through hormonal changes. ... The most obvious thing about children’s physical development is that kids get bigger as they get older (P105) Bee, 1995 CQU, 2002.
· Motor skills development on the other hand is the sequential development of motor skills that see children move from the sensory motor phase, through perceptual motor stage to the cognitive motor stage. ...
· Some of the major noticeable changes in the physical development of primary age children would be the slowing down of their growth rate and their body proportions beginning to change. ...
· The main determinants of growth and physical development are heredity, maturation, environmental effects and practice. Even though most children go through the sequences of physical development in around the same order, there may be individual differences in the timing and rate of the various physical changes. ... Nixon & Adwinkle state The timing of developmental sequences will be affected by several factors: the child’s socio-economic background, racial background, nutrition level, family patterns and physical types, health and available health care, disabilities, and the emotional environment the child is experiencing (P44). ...
· The major considerations in planning a physical education programme in an early childhood or school setting would be the age and stage of development of the children. ... Meaningful play and games that encouraged the acquisition of both gross and fine motor skills and co-ordination would need to be an integral part of the planning and the time to practice the newly acquired skills need to be allowed. ... Suggests that developmentally appropriate movement activities should be organised according to the different phases of motor control and goes on to state that children should enjoy movement, learn about their bodies and their environment through movement, and express themselves through movement (P38).
Activity 1-2
· The two theories thought to account for cross-cultural differences in motor skill development are maturation and experience. The Maturation theory suggests that humans are genetically programmed to have an ordained timetable of growth and development, which takes place without intervention from the environment. The Experience or Practice theory suggests that practice motivates babies to master motor skills. ... Peterson (1996) suggests that maturation and practice interact in the growth of almost all motor skills (P128).
Activity 1-3
· Cephalocaudal means that motor development proceeds from the head down. ...
· Proximodistal is the development that proceeds from the centre out. ...
Activity 1-4
· Some of the fine motor skills typically seen in a preschool age child are threading, wood-work, building with blocks, drawing with a degree of control and completing puzzles. ... Because they are beginning to have greater hand control due to improved muscle tone development there is likely to be the graduation from a power grip to a tripod grasp during drawing and painting. Nixon and Adwinkle (1999) comments on the fine motor skills involving the small muscles controlling the movements of the thumb and fingers that during the preschool years increasing control and accuracy using these fine muscles is developing (P45). ... A theory that views new motor skills as reorganizations of previously mastered skills that lead to more effective ways of exploring and controlling the environment. ...
Activity 1-6
· Growth and physical development affects our lives by changing our appearance, behaviours, experiences, others’ perceptions of us, which in turn effect our self-esteem, and our hormones. ...
· Bee (1995) states that new physical skills not only change the child’s experiences, they also change the way the people around the child respond to her (P104). ...
· Bee (1995) comments on the rate and timing of a child’s development are also important because of the ways in which they can affect a child’s self-image, her relationships with her peers, or her general contacts with the world around her (p120). ... , (1982) findings The earlier the boy’s development, the more positive his body image, the better he does in school, the less trouble he gets into, and the more friends he has. ...
Activity 2-1
Motor Skills
· Locomotion is the ability to run, jump, swim, swing or move the body in the most appropriate and efficient manner to accomplish a required task.
Approximate Word count = 3575
Approximate Pages = 14.3
(250 words per page double spaced)
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